Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Full name Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Born September 9, 1926 (1926-09-09) (age 84)
Gharbia Egypt
Era Modern era
Region Muslim scholar
School Sunni Islam

Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwiy‎; born September 9, 1926) is an Egyptian Muslim scholar and Islamic lecturer. He is best known for his program, ash-Shariah wal-Hayat ("Shariah and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an estimated audience of 40 million worldwide.[1] He is also well-known for IslamOnline, a popular website he helped found in 1997 and which he now serves as chief religious scholar.[2] Al-Qaradawi has also published more than 80 books, including The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization. He has also received eight international prizes for his contributions to Islamic scholarship,[3] and is considered one of the most influential such scholars living today.[1][4][5] Al-Qaradawi has long had a prominent roles within the intellectual leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood,[6] an Egyptian political organization, but twice (in 1976 and 2004) turned down offers for the official directorship role of the organization.[1][7] A 2008 Foreign Policy magazine poll placed al-Qaradawi at number three on its list of the top 20 public intellectuals worldwide.[8]

Some of al-Qaradawi's views have been controversial in the West,[9] and he is banned from entering the United States and Great Britain.[10]

At present al-Qaradawi is a trustee of the Oxford University Center for Islamic Studies.[11] He has also recently been named technical consultant for a multi-million dollar epic movie in English on Muhammad.[12][13]

Contents

Biography

Al-Qaradawi, during his days at Azhari Institute at Tanta

Al-Qaradawi was born in Safat Turab village in the Nile Delta, Egypt, in a poor family of devout Muslim peasants. He became an orphan at the age of two when he lost his father. Following his father's death, he was raised by his uncle. He read and memorized the entire Qur'an by the time he was nine years old.[14]

He then joined the Institute of Religious Studies at Tanta, and graduated after nine years of study. He moved on to study Islamic Theology at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo, from which he graduated in 1953. He earned his Graduate Diploma, from The Higher Institution of Arabic and Literature in 1958, topping the 500 students in the Faculty of Arabic Language. Parallel to his study of Arabic Language he enrolled in the graduate program in the Department of Quran and Sunna Sciences of the Faculty of Religion's Fundamentals (Usul al-Din), and graduated in 1960. In 1962, he was sent by Al-Azhar University to Qatar to head the Qatari Secondary Institute of Religious Studies. He completed his PhD thesis titled Zakah and its effect on solving social problems in 1973 with First Merit, and was awarded his PhD degree from Al Azhar. In 1977, he laid the foundation for the Faculty of Shari`ah and Islamic Studies in the University of Qatar and became the faculty's dean. In the same year he founded the Centre of Seerah and Sunna Research.[14][15][16][17]

He also served at the Institute of Imams, Egypt under the Egyptian Ministry of Religious Endowments as supervisor before moving back to Doha as Dean of the Islamic Department at the Faculties of Shariah and Education in Qatar, where he continued until 1990.[18] His next appointment was in Algeria as Chairman of the Scientific Council of Islamic University and Higher Institutions in 1990–91. He returned to Qatar once more as Director of the Seerah and Sunnah Center at Qatar University, a post he still occupies today.[16] Al-Qaradawi is the head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research,an Islamic scholarly entity based in Ireland.[19] He also serves as the chairman of International Union for Muslim Scholars (IUMS).[20]

He was imprisoned under King Farouq in 1949, then three times during the reign of former President Gamal Abdul Nasser, until he left Egypt for Qatar in 1961.[16]

Al-Qaradawi is a principal shareholder and former shari’a adviser to Bank Al-Taqwa, a member bank of the Lugano-Switzerland Al-Taqwa group, a bank that the U.S. states finances terrorism and that the UN Security Council had listed as associated with Al Qaeda.[21] On August 2, 2010, the bank was removed from a list of entities and individuals associated with Al Qaeda maintained by the Security Council.[22][23]

Al-Qaradawi has three sons and four daughters,[24] three of whom hold doctorates from British Universities.[25][26] His daughter Ilham Yousef Al-Qaradawi is an internationally recognized nuclear scientist.[27][28] While his son Abdurrahman is a poet and a political activist in Egypt[29].

Views and Statements

Israel

Attacks against Israel

Al-Qaradawi condones Palestinian attacks on Israeli targets. A resolution issued by The Islamic Fiqh Council affiliated to the Muslim World League in its 14th session, held in Doha(Qatar) on 11–16 January 2003 has upheld his views on the matter. Defending bombings against off duty soldiers, al-Qaradawi told BBC Newsnight in 2005 that:

At the press conference held by the organizations sponsoring his visit to London, al-Qaradawi reiterated his view that Suicide attacks are a justified form of resistance to Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. He has also justified his views by stating that all Israel civilians are potential soldiers, since Israel is a "militarized society." Because of these views, al-Qaradawi has been accused by Western countries and Israel of supporting terrorism.

Al-Qaradawi is opposed to attacks outside of the Palestinian Territories and Israel, and against non-Israeli targets. For example, on March 20, 2005, he condemned a car bombing that had occurred in Doha, Qatar the previous day. One Briton, Jon Adams was killed. Al-Qaradawi issued a statement[30] that said

"Such crimes are committed by insane persons who have no religious affiliation and play well into the hands of the enemies." and "I urge all Qataris to stand united in facing such an epidemic and uproot it to nip the infection in the bud, otherwise it will spread like wildfire. I, in the name of all scholars in Qatar, denounce such a horrendous crime and pray that it would be the last and implore God to protect this secure country.".

The Wailing Wall in Jerusalem

“The Jews' claim to Al-Buraq Wall dates back only to recent times. The longest reign of the Jews lasted for 434 years. Their reign in Palestine dates back to the times of Kings Saul, David and Solomon. Solomon’s sons split after his decease: Jude headed for Jerusalem while the state of Israel was established in Shakim, that is Nablus. The Jewish state in Nablus lasted for 298 years and the former for 434. This is the longest period that the Jews reigned. So those who claim that they have a long history in Israel are liars. That history lasted for only 434 years. The Arabs, on the other hand, have been present in Palestine since the days of the Jebusites and the Canaanites, that is 30 centuries before the birth of Christ. Their history under the umbrella of Islam lasted for more than 14 centuries or even longer. Before the advent of Islam, there had been no Jews in Palestine because since 70 C.E. there had been no trace of Jews or Israelis in Palestine. [31]

Boycott of Israel and American Products

According to IslamOnline, Qaradawi released a fatwa on April 14, 2004 stating boycott of American and Israeli products was an obligation for all who are able.[32][33] The fatwa reads in part :

"If people ask in the name of religion we must help them. The vehicle of this support is a complete boycott of the enemies' goods. Each riyal, dirham …etc. used to buy their goods eventually becomes bullets to be fired at the hearts of brothers and children in Palestine. For this reason, it is an obligation not to help them (the enemies of Islam) by buying their goods. To buy their goods is to support tyranny, oppression and aggression. Buying goods from them will strengthen them; our duty is to make them as weak as we can. Our obligation is to strengthen our resisting brothers in the Sacred Land as much as we can. If we cannot strengthen the brothers, we have a duty to make the enemy weak. If their weakness cannot be achieved except by boycott, we must boycott them.... American goods, exactly like "Israeli" goods, are forbidden. It is also forbidden to advertise these goods. America today is a second Israel. It totally supports the Zionist entity. The usurper could not do this without the support of America. "Israel's" unjustified destruction and vandalism of everything has been using American money, American weapons, and the American veto. America has done this for decades without suffering the consequences of any punishment or protests about their oppressive and prejudiced position from the Islamic world."

Religious and Sectarian Views

Religious Rights

Al-Qaradawi has spoken in favor of the religious liberties. Those effectively include the right for anyone to change religion, in case, for a Muslim to become a non-Muslim. In his Fatwa tilted "Apostasy: Major & Minor", he wrote:

In my point of view, as the scholars have differentiated between major and minor innovations in religion and between mere innovators and those who spread and call for their innovations in religion, we can also differentiate between major and minor apostasy, and between apostates who do not wage war against Islam and Muslims and those who proclaim their apostasy and call for it.

However, al-Qaradawi appears to see this differently, hiding between the assumed consensus in Islamic world: "All Muslim jurists agree that the apostate is to be punished. However, they differ regarding the punishment itself. The majority of them go for killing; meaning that an apostate is to be sentenced to death."[34]

Religious Extremism and Fanaticism

Al-Qaradawi has written about the danger of extreme adaptation of ideas, especially when done through blind obedience. He released a dissertation on the subject. He listed indications of extremism:

  1. The 1st indication of extremism include bigotry & intolerance, which make a person adamantly devoted to his own opinions and prejudices, as well as rigidity, which deprives him of clarity of vision regarding the interests of other human beings, or the purposes of Shariah, or the circumstances of age. Such a person does not allow any opportunity for dialogue with others so that he may compare his opinion with theirs, and chooses to follow what appears to him most sound.[35]
  2. The 2nd indication of extremism manifests in a continuous commitment to excessiveness, and in attempts to force others to do likewise, despite the fact that Allah has not commanded it, and the existence of good reasons to make things easy. A person motivated by piety and caution may however, if he so wishes, choose a hard-line opinion in some matters and on certain occasions. But this should not become so habitual that he rejects advice when he needs it.[35]
  3. The 3rd indication of extremism is the out-of-time and out-of-place religious excessiveness and overburdening of others, i.e. when applying Islamic principles to people in non-Muslim countries or to people who have only recently converted to Islam, as well as to newly committed Muslims. With all these, emphasis should not be put on either minor or controversial issues, but on fundamentals. Endeavours should be made to correct their concepts and understanding of Islam before anything else.[35]
  4. The 4th indication of extremism manifests itself in harshness in the treatment of people, roughness in the manner of approach, & crudeness in calling people to Islam, all which are contrary to the teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah.[35]

Sufism and Shi'ism

Al-Qaradawi has been an avid caller to what he calls "Islamic Sufism", praising those who practice it as pious.[36] He has also been a staunch defender of the Ashari school of belief within Islam, going so far as to claim that the whole Muslim world follows this school as well as all Muslim religious schools in the world.[37]

Al-Qaradawi has also described Shi'ites as heretics "mubtadi'oun".[38] In response, the Iranian Press Agency has described Qaradawi as "a spokesman for “international Freemasonry and rabbis".[39]

Dialogue with Non-Muslims

Al-Qaradawi has strongly pressed for dialogue with Non-Muslims. He also puts emphasis on conversations with the West, including Jews, Christians, and secularists. He writes that this effort should differentiate itself from a debate, for the latter does not often result in mutual cooperation. In his book titled Priorities of The Islamic Movement in The Coming Phase, he recounts his experience:

I will never forget what one of the participants, a nationalist Christian, said to me at the lunch table. He said, "We have changed our opinion about you completely". I asked, "And what was your opinion?" He replied, "that you are a hard-liner and a fanatic". I said, "Where did you get this idea about me? He answered, "I don't know, but, frankly, that was our impression about you". I asked "And now?" He said, "Now we have learned through seeing, hearing, discussion and direct contact what has changed this unfair idea about you completely. We now see you as a man who respects logic, refers to reason and knows how to listen to the other opinion as a man who is not stubborn or adamant, but extremely flexible and tolerant". What I want to convey by telling this story is that direct contact and reasonable, quiet dialogue that is held on equal footing is in the interest of the Islamic Movement, which stands to gain from it and will lose nothing at all in it.[40]

Non-Muslims Living in an Islamic State

Qaradawi has advocated for the importance of non-Muslim minorities:

those people who live under the protection of an Islamic government enjoy special privileges. They are referred to as "the Protected People" (ahl al-dhimma or dhimmis), meaning that Allah, His Messenger ... and the community of Muslims have made a covenant with them that they may live in safety and security under the Islamic government. In modern terminology, dhimmies are "citizens" of the Islamic state. From the earliest period of Islam to the present day, Muslims are in unanimous agreement that they enjoy the same rights and carry the same responsibilities as Muslims themselves, while being free to practice their own faiths.[41]

The Status of Jews and Christians

In his book titled The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam, al-Qaradawi wrote:

Islam does not prohibit Muslims to be kind and generous to peoples of other religions, even if they are idolaters and polytheists, ... it looks upon the People of the Book, that is, Jews and Christians, with special regard, whether they reside in a Muslim society or outside it. The Qur'an never addresses them without saying, "O People of the Book" or "O You who have been given the Book," indicating that they were originally people of a revealed religion. For this reason there exists a relationship of mercy and spiritual kinship between them and the Muslims, all having in common the principles of the one true religion sent by Allah through his prophets ...: He has ordained for (the Muslims) the same religion which He enjoined on Noah, and that which We have revealed to thee (Muhammad) and that which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses, and Jesus: that you should establish the faith and make no division in it. (Qur'an 42:13) [42]

Relations between Muslims and Jews

In May 2008, al-Qaradawi told visiting Rabbis from Neturei Karta movement,

"There is no enmity between Muslims and Jews....Jews who believe in the authentic Torah are very close to Muslims."

He also added that relations between Muslims and Jews only became strained with the emergence of Zionism and the establishment of Israel.

"Muslims are against the expansionist, oppressive Zionist movement, not the Jews." He also said that Muslims and Jews were subjected to the same persecution following the fall of Islamic rule in Andalusia, now Spain.[43]

However, al-Qaradawi has also made statements that some critics charge are anti-Semitic. In a January 9, 2009, sermon during the Gaza War, shown on Al-Jazeera, Qaradawi prayed (as translated by MEMRI):

Oh Allah, take your enemies, the enemies of Islam. Oh Allah, take the Jews, the treacherous aggressors. Oh Allah, take this profligate, cunning, arrogant band of people. Oh Allah, they have spread much tyranny and corruption in the land. Pour Your wrath upon them, oh our God. Lie in wait for them. Oh Allah, You annihilated the people of Thamoud at the hand of a tyrant, and You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale, and You destroyed the Pharaoh and his soldiers — oh Allah, take this oppressive, tyrannical band of people. Oh Allah, take this oppressive, Jewish Zionist band of people. Oh Allah, do not spare a single one of them. Oh Allah, count their numbers, and kill them, down to the very last one.[44]

Also, in August 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported that the Dublin-based European Council for Fatwa and Research, of which Qaradhawi is president, had used the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion in its theological deliberations.[45] Al-Qaradawi's remarks were sharply criticized by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which accused him of inciting violence against Jews.[46][47][48][49]

The Torah

In a sermon which aired on Qatar TV on June 5, 2009 (as translated by MEMRI):

"Never have I seen a single verse, paragraph, or sentence in the Torah which calls for peace. Everything in the Torah constitutes a call for war. They even call God "Lord of Hosts" – they don't call Him "Lord of the Universe" or "the Compassionate, the Merciful...[The Torah contains] the notion of annihilation. We saw it when the Europeans went to America – they tried to annihilate the Indians. When they went to Australia, they tried to annihilate the aboriginal people. Indeed, they annihilated them. This is a Biblical notion – annihilate them totally, do not leave a living soul among them."[50]

Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust

In a statement on Al-Jazeera on January 30, 2009, al Qaradawi said (as translated by MEMRI):

Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the [Jews] people who would punish them for their corruption. The last punishment was carried out by Hitler. By means of all the things he did to them – even though they exaggerated this issue – he managed to put them in their place. This was divine punishment for them. Allah willing, the next time will be at the hand of the believers.[51]

Violence

Attacks on Civilians

Qaradawi has condemned attacks on all civilians except within Israel.[52] He supports suicide attacks on all Israelis, including women and children[53][54] since he views the Israeli society as a "completely military" society that did not include any civilians.[55] He also considers pregnant women and their unborn babies to be valid targets on the ground that the babies could grow up to join the Israeli Army.[56]

After the September 11 attacks, al-Qaradawi urged Muslims to donate blood for the victims and stated,[52]

"Islam, the religion of tolerance, holds the human soul in high esteem, and considers the attack against innocent human beings a grave sin, this is backed by the Qur'anic verse which reads:
Who so ever kills a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he has killed all mankind, and who so ever saves the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind," (Al-Ma'dah:32).
"The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, is reported to have said, 'A believer remains within the scope of his religion as long as he doesn't kill another person illegally'"
"Islam never allows a Muslim to kill the innocent and the helpless." He denies that Palestinian suicide bombing attacks constitute terrorism, claiming that "when Palestinians face such unjust aggression, they tend to stem bloodletting and destruction and not to claim the lives of innocent civilians", but qualifies that with "I do agree with those who do not allow such martyr operations to be carried out outside the Palestinian territories."

Al-Qaradawi has suggested the legitimate use of suicide bombings against enemy combatants in modern times if the defending combatants has no other means of self-defense.[15]

Some Western governments have met al-Qaradawi to request release of European civilians kidnapped in Iraq and have thanked him officially, praising his cooperation. The French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier wrote to al-Qaradawi: "With such a clear condemnation of the abduction of the French hostages you have sent a clear-cut message demonstrating respect for the tenets of Islam."[57]

Women and Women's Issues

Women's Activism

Commenting on the role women played in social active issues:

Although over sixty year have passed since the Movement emerged into existence, no women leaders have appeared that can confront secular and Marxist trends single-handedly and efficiently. This has come about as a result of men's unrelenting attempts to control women's movement, as men have never allowed women a real chance to express themselves and show special leadership talents and abilities that demonstrate their capability of taking command of their work without men's dominance. I believe that women's Islamic work will succeed and prove itself in the arena of the Islamic Movement only when it gives birth to female Islamic leaders in the fields of Call, thought, science, literature and education. Accordingly, women as well as men can dedicate themselves to Allah, and serve as a jihad human bomber.[58] I do not think that this is impossible or even difficult. There are genius women just as there are genius men. Ingenuity is not a monopoly for men. It is not in vain that the Holy Quran tells us the story of a woman who led men wisely and bravely and made her people fare the best end: it is the Queen of Sheba, whose story with Solomon is told in Surat Al­Naml. I have observed in the University of Qatar that girls make better students than boys.[59]

Rape (Expressed on a website Qaradawi Serves as Chief Religious Scholar)

In July 2004, the question "Are raped women punished in Islam?" was asked on IslamOnline, a website which Qaradawi co-founded and for which he is the chief religious scholar. Kamal Badr, editor-in-chief of the site, replied: "To be absolved from guilt, the raped woman must have shown some sort of good conduct... Islam addresses women to maintain their modesty, as not to open the door for evil... The Koran calls upon Muslim women in general to preserve their dignity and modesty, just to save themselves from any harassment... So for a rape victim to be absolved from guilt, she must not be the one that opens... her dignity for deflowering...If, after trying her best to resist the attack, she gets overcome by the assailants, she is totally absolved from punishment... any woman, who, despite doing her utmost to resist these thugs and their ilk, is raped, is not guilty of any sin."[60][61]

Wife Beating

Al-Qaradawi told The Guardian that wife-beating was neither "obligatory nor desirable" but that he "accepts it as a method of last resort – though only lightly".[62] He stated on Channel 4 News that it was justifiable in certain circumstances[63] but "The ideal was for Muslim men never to beat their wives, and if husbands wrongly beat their wives, they have the right to fight back." [64] The British newspaper The Daily Telegraph writes that al-Qaradawi, in his book The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam, states that wife beating is permissible after the failure of all other means of persuasion. In such circumstances, a husband may beat his wife "lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive areas."[65][66][63][67]

Female Circumcision

While stating that female circumcision (FGM) is "not required" in his book, Modern Fatwas", he adds: "whoever finds it serving the interest of his daughters should do it, and I personally support this under the current circumstances in the modern world."[68][69]

Other Views

Hezbollah

In response to Muslim scholar 'Abdullaah ibn Jibreen's fatwa declaring that it was forbidden for Muslims to support or pray for Hezbollah because they are Shia, al-Qaradawi issued a contrary fatwa, stating that it was mandatory for all Muslims to support Hezbollah in its fight against Israel, claiming that "Shias agree with the Sunnis in the main principles of Islam while the differences are only over the branches." In this fatwa, he also called upon the Sunnis and Shia of Iraq to end the civil war.[70]

Saddam Hussein

In an address aired on Qatar TV on January 5, 2007, al-Qaradawi questioned the trial of Saddam Hussein under American supervision in Iraq, but agreed to it if it were conducted by the Iraqi people "after liberating Iraq from American colonialism".He also suggested that the trial was "an act of vengeance by the Americans" for his missile attacks on Israel. He strongly criticized the way Saddam was hanged :[71]

"A human soul must be respected. These people did not respect the human soul. The man was calm and kept his cool. He refused to be blindfolded, and insisted upon facing death with open eyes.. and said the two parts of the shahada.....The man died saying: 'There is no God but Allah.'..Anybody whose last words are 'There is no God but Allah' goes to Paradise." "The thing that improves [the record] of Saddam Hussein is that in his final years – as the brothers in Iraq tell us – he was a changed man. He began to strictly observe the prayers, to read the Koran, and to do charitable work. He would hasten to do anything that may help people. He would help build mosques, and would say that if anybody wants to build a mosque, the government should pay half the cost of the building materials. When they entered his secret hideout and caught him, they found a prayer carpet and an open Koran."

Mecca Time

In April 2008, at a conference in Qatar titled "Mecca: the Center of the Earth, Theory and Practice", al-Qaradawi advocated the implementation of Mecca Time to replace the Greenwich Meridian as the basis of the world time zone system.[72]

Democracy

Al-Qaradawi has spoken in favor of democracy in the Muslim world,[73] speaking of a need for reform of political climates in the Middle East specifically.[74]

Danish Cartoon Controversy

Al-Qaradawi called for a "Day of Anger" over the cartoons,[75] but condemned violent actions in response to them.[76]

Homosexuality

On June 5, 2006, on the Al Jazeera "Sharia and Life" programme he regularly features on, al-Qaradawi reiterated orthodox views on homosexuality.[77] When asked about the punishment for people who "practise liwaat (sodomy) or sihaaq (lesbian activity)", al-Qaradawi replied: "The same punishment as any sexual pervert – the same as the fornicator." (MEMRI translation) [78]

His Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood

Al-Qaradawi was a follower of Hasan al-Banna during his youth and a longtime member of the Muslim Brotherhood.[15] He has twice turned down offers to be the Brotherhood's leader at various times.[79]

In an interview with the Dream channel, al-Qaradawi is quoted as saying about this relation with the MB (Muslim Brotherhood)[80]

I joined the Muslim Brotherhood Group and worked with Imam al- Banna. I was influenced by al- Banna’s moderate thoughts and principles ...(Later)MB asked me to be a chairman, but I preferred to be a spiritual guide for the entire nation... MB consider me their Mufti, but I don’t have a relation with the organization, because being an MB chairman is something difficult requiring a highly sophisticated wisdom, and I prefer to be devoted to the entire nation, and I feel comfortable with this decision. I like MB and consider them the nearest group to be righteous" "when I joined the MB, I benefited from them; I became a Da’ia instead of being just a sermonizer, and cared for the entire nation instead of just caring for myself. MB has a variety of members, who have different professions, that is why I became extrovert and open- minded Da’ia.

Criticism

Criticism from Muslim scholars

Al-Qaradawi urged the Taliban to reconsider its decision to tear down the Buddha statues in Afghanistan in 2001. He was quickly criticized for supporting "idol worship". Upon meeting with leaders from the Taliban, he reversed his position and praised the destruction of the statues.[81]

Petition against al-Qaradawi

In October 2004, 2,500 leading Muslim intellectuals from around the world, mostly from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine signed a petition condemning Islamic theologians who promote fundamentalism, intolerance, and violence, and included among them al-Qaradawi. Listing him as one of the "sheikhs of death", the petition signatories accused him of "providing a religious cover for terrorism".[82][83]

Controversy

Disagreement with Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy

"But, the Sheikh [Tantawi] entered, or was pushed to enter, the area of Fiqh [Islamic jurisprudence]. He did not prepare himself for the task. He did not study, practise, or write in Fiqh. He did not train himself in navigating through the deep waters of Fiqh. Therefore, he was not successful in many of his hard-hitting opinions. This was the reason of my disagreement with him despite the old friendship between us."[84]

Entry into western countries

Al-Qaradawi has been banned from entering the United States of America since 1999 and the United Kingdom since 2008,[10] though he visited London in 2004.[85] In July 2003 he visited Stockholm, Sweden, for a conference at the Stockholm Mosque arranged by the Muslim Association of Sweden. During the conference al-Qaradawi expressed his support for suicide attacks against Israeli civilians, calling the fight against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories a "necessary Jihad".[86]

Refused as witness in Wilders trial

In February 2010, the Amsterdam court refused to hear al-Qaradawi as one of the proposed witnesses in the case of the prosecution of Wilders [87]

Fatwa controversy with MEMRI

The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) (citing Asharq Al-Awsat), alleges that al-Qaradawi issued a Fatwa following the Iraqi insurgency, saying,

"...all of the Americans in Iraq are combatants, there is no difference between civilians and soldiers, and one should fight them, since the American civilians came to Iraq in order to serve the occupation. The abduction and killing of Americans in Iraq is a [religious] obligation so as to cause them to leave Iraq immediately. The mutilation of corpses [however] is forbidden in Islam." [88]

Al-Qaradawi, however, denies this allegation:

I have not published a Fatwa on this issue. At the Egyptian Journalists' Union a few days ago I was asked about the permissibility of fighting against the occupation in Iraq, and I answered that it is permitted. Afterwards I was asked concerning the American civilians in Iraq and I merely responded with the question – are there American civilians in Iraq? It is a matter of common knowledge that in Fatwas such as these I do not use the word "killing" but rather I say "struggle," which is a more comprehensive word than the word "killing" and whose meaning is not necessarily to kill. In addition, I have condemned the taking of hostages on a number of occasions in the past and have demanded that they be released and that their lives not be threatened."[89]

Shaker Al-Nabulsi, a former Muslim [90] who writes for the liberal site Ethal, called for the creation of a petition to the UN calling to put Qaradawi and his like on trial for incitement and support of terrorism.[91]

Alcohol fatwa controversy

Al-Qaradawi issued a fatwa in 2008 stating that the consumption of small amounts of alcohol (<0.5% concentration or 5/1000) was acceptable for Muslims.[92] The statement was made regarding energy drinks, where fermentation occurs naturally as part of the production process. This does not contradict with the widespread view that consuming alcohol is totally forbidden to Muslims. (chapter 5: verses 90–91). The fermentation in this process is natural and unavoidable, similarly it is an extremely small proportion.[93] This opinion held by Imam Abu Hanifa, ibn Uthaymeen, the Supreme Council of Saudi Arabia, etc.

Awards and recognition

The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi,a book on Qaradawi published by Columbia Press

Al-Qaradawi has been awarded by various countries and institutions for his contributions to Islamic society. Amongst them are

The Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies, part of the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, instituted the "Sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi Scholarships" in 2009, awarding them to five students each year for post-graduate studies.[98] It also named after him its newly established research centre, The Qaradawi Center for Islamic Moderation and Renewal.[99][100]

He is a trustee of the Oxford University Center for Islamic Studies [11] and has been named as the technical consultant for a multi-million dollar epic movie in English on Prophet Muhammed produced by Barrie Osborne producer.[12][13] A 2008 Foreign Policy poll put him at No.3 in the list of the Top 20 Public Intellectuals worldwide.[8]

Books

Al-Qaradawi has authored more than 80 books and his academic style and objective thought are considered to be some of the main characteristics of his works.[26] His most famous work is The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam. Professor Mustafa al-Zarqa declared that owning a copy of it was "the duty of every Muslim family." His book "Fiqh al-Zakah" is considered by some as the most comprehensive work in the area of Zakat. Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi commented on it as "the book of this century in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)" [14][26] Some of his major works are:

He has also published some excerpts of his poetry in the book Nafahat wa Lafahat.

Al-Qaradawi has also been the subject of the book The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi published by Columbia University Press.[101] He is also profiled as one of the leading liberal voices in contemporary Islam in Charles Kurzman's book Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook, published by Oxford University Press.[102]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential muslims in the world 2009" ,Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
  2. ↑ "Alexa site info IslamOnline.net Ranking#3880 Mar 1 2010". Alexa.com. 2010-02-16. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/islamonline.net#. Retrieved 2010-04-11. 
  3. ↑ "Qaradawi Wins Hijra Award" ION, December 15, 2009
  4. ↑ "Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd (20 July 2009)". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Global-Mufti-Phenomenon-Yusuf-Al-Qaradawi/dp/1850659397. Retrieved 2010-04-11. 
  5. ↑ Raymond William Baker, Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (2003), p.4
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  7. ↑ "Al-Qaradawi Turns Down Offer to Assume Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood". al-Jazeera. January 12, 2004. http://www.cesnur.org/2004/qaradawi.htm. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "The World’s Top 20 Public Intellectuals". Foreignpolicy.com. 2008-06-16. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2008/06/16/the_world_s_top_20_public_intellectuals. Retrieved 2010-04-11. 
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  29. ↑ Abdurrahman Yusuf al-Qaradawi: new branches of National Association for Change Will open soon in Europe and the United States
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  43. ↑ "Qaradawi: Muslims Anti Zionists Not Jews" ION News
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  47. ↑ Muslim Brotherhood Ideologue Incites Violence Against Jews and Israel, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), February 2, 2009.
  48. ↑ Multiculturalists diminish 'rough beast' ravaging Islam by By Rory Leishman, IFPress.com, October 31, 2009.
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